Thus as well as radiating in the infrared region molecules also broadcast frequencies

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Thus, as well as radiating in the infrared region, molecules also broadcast frequencies in the same range as the human voice. Thus, all molecules are made from atoms which are constantly vibrating and emitting infrared radiation in a highly complex manner. These infrared vibrations have been detected for years by scientists, and are a vital part of their armoury of methods for identifying molecules.However, precisely because of the complexity of their infrared vibrations, molecules also produce much lower "beat" frequencies. This is the way musicians tune their instruments, and Benveniste uses the analogy to explain his water-memory theory. Two vibrating strings close together in frequency will produce a "beat".

The length of this beat increases as the two frequencies approach each other Eventually, when they are the same, the beat disappears. The latest results are, for biologists, even more incredible than those in the 1988 Nature paper. Physicists, however, should have less of a problem as their discipline is based on fields (eg gravitational, electromagnetic) which have well-established long-range effects. If Benveniste's claims prove to be true - which is far from certain - they could have profound consequences, not least for medical diagnostics.Benveniste's explanation starts innocuously enough with a musical analogy. From being a respected figure in the French biological establishment, Benveniste was pilloried, losing his government funding and his laboratory. Undeterred, he and his now-depleted research team somehow continued to investigate the biological effects of agitated, highly dilute solutions. Such thinking has dominated the biological sciences for more than four decades, and is itself rooted in the views of the 17th-century French philosopher Rene Descartes.Nature's attempted debunking exercise failed to find evidence of fraud, but concluded that Benveniste's research was essentially unreproducible, a claim he has always denied.

For while the referees of his Nature paper could not fault Benveniste's experimental procedures, they could not understand his results. How, they asked, can a biological system respond to an antigen when no molecules of it can be detected in solution? It goes against the accepted "lock-and-key" principle, which states that molecules must be in contact and structurally match before information can be exchanged. This "memory of water" effect, as it was later known, proved Benveniste's academic undoing. The journal itself came in for criticism for publishing the paper in the first place.In his Nature paper, Benveniste reasoned that the effect of dilution and agitation pointed to transmission of biological information via some molecular organisation going on in water.